Robotics (Social and Ethical issues)
Claire and Vishal
- Name some of the robots that have been used in situations dangerous for humans to work.
- Describe how one of the robot works
- What are some of the benefits and limitations of using such robots
- Outline some ethical decisons regarding the use of such robots.
Linda and Dhavarl
- Name some of robots that were designed to be used as pets.
- Describe how one of the pet robot functions is used as a pet.
- What are some of the benefits / limitations of using such pet robots
- Outline some of the social impacts of thier use.
Aliacai and Harsmita
- Name some of robots used to care for the disabled.
- Describe how one of the robot functions.
- What are some of the benefits and limitations of using such robots
- Outline some of the social / ethical issues arising from thier use.
Vernon and Tendo
- Name some of robots used in warfare(military).
- Describe how one of the such robot was used.
- What are some of the benefits and limitations of using such robots
- Outline some of the social / ethical issues arising from thier use.
Solomon and Carol
- Name some of robots used to care for the elderly.
- Describe how one of the robot functions or is used to care for the elderly.
- What are some of the benefits and limations of their use?
- Outline some of the social / ethical issues arising from thier use.
Martha and Nasser
- Name some of robots used in exploration.
- Describe how one of the robot functions or it is used in the exploration.
- What are some of the benefits and limations of their use?
- Outline some of the social / ethical issues arising from thier use.
Prera and Alicai
- Name some of robots used surgery.
- Describe how one of the robot was used.
- What are some of the benefits and limations of their use?
- Outline some of the social / ethical issues arising from thier use.
Zahara
- Name some of robots used to car assembly.
- Describe how one of the robot is used.
- What are some of the benefits and limations of their use?
- Outline some of the social / ethical issues arising from thier use.
David and Joan and Vernon
- Name some of robots designed for entertainment.
- Describe how one of the robot functioned.
- What are some of the benefits and limations of using entertainment robots?
- Outline some of the social / ethical issues arising from thier use
Some of the robots used to take care of the elderly include;
ReplyDelete-Kompai
-Mobiserve
-CareBot
-Fujitsu Teddy Bear Robot
How the Fujitsu Teddy Bear robot functions;
It has been a long term dream in Japan that Robots will take care of the aging population. Researchers think that they have come up with a friendly way of taking care of them through the teddy bear robot.
It has a webcam in the nose so it can recognise with whom it is interacting and it communicates by an array of body, neck and face animations. The robot can also tell (guess) what the current state of its human “partner” is (happy, sad, not moving…). In addition to its visual capabilities, the teddy bear also has an array of sensors that will tall its program if it’s being touched/dripped/moved around. Of course, it has microphones as well.
ROBOTIC SURGERY
ReplyDeleteExamples of robots used in surgery
-Robodoc
How it works
It consists of a tiny ring that rotates 360 degrees. The ring holds a small sliding carriage that carries an endoscope (an instrument for viewing inside a hollow organ) and cutter.
The system is attached to a thin, flexible catheter, which is motorized and computer controlled. The computer system automatically generates the shape and sequence of cuts.
Watching the progress on a nearby video monitor, the surgeon inserts the catheter with instruments into the patient's body until the computerized system reaches the correct place.
At this point, the surgeon turns the operation over to the robot, which performs the necessary preprogrammed cuts.
Benefits of robotic surgery
The main advantage of this technique is that the incisions are very small and, consequently, patient recovery is quick. In traditional open-heart surgery, the surgeon makes a ten to twelve-inch incision which is a way for bacteria to cause infections, it also leads to a painful wound, which takes time to heal.
The hospital stay for patients is shorter. On average patients leave the hospital two to five days earlier than patients who have undergone traditional open-heart surgery. Reduced recovery times reduce the cost of hospital stays.
Robot-assisted surgery gives the surgeon better control over the surgical instruments and a better view of the surgical site. In addition, surgeons no longer have to stand throughout the surgery and do not tire as quickly. Naturally occurring hand tremors are filtered out by the robot’s computer software
Limitations
The cost of the robot is $1,200,000 dollars Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system. Surgeons report that, although the manufacturers of the systems provide training on this new technology, the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must operate on twelve to eighteen patients before they feel comfortable with the system.
Social and ethical issues
• social and economic effects of replacing people with robots in the workplace.
• ethical decisions regarding the use of robots in situations that might endanger human beings.
• reliability of robotic devices, particularly in life-threatening situations.
An entertaining robot prototype for pets
ReplyDeletePurpose – Robots come in a variety of shapes and sizes, from manipulators in the industrial assembly line, to house cleaners, and to carebots of the elderly and sick. In recent years entertaining robots have been developed to engage adults and children into playing and learning. There are however no robots that have been specifically designed to entertain pets. The purpose of this paper is to present a prototype developed to engage pets into outdoor playing
Design/methodology/approach – A prototype that can engage a dog or a cat into playing was designed, built, and tested by a group of senior students. The enclosure of the prototype has the shape of a round shell. Within this shell there is a sensor interfacing unit, which can interpret sounds generated by the animals, and a light and sound system designed to interact with the animals.
Findings – The testing results showed that the prototype was able to fulfill requirements for outdoor playing, such as being waterproof and able to travel through grass. Testing of the individual sensor interfacing circuits demonstrated the interactive capability. Dogs were chosen to be the subjects to be entertained. However, it is envisioned that a smaller version of this prototype can be suitable for cats.
Originality/value – This is the first prototype that explores ways to entertain pets when their human owners are absent or busy. The prototype developed is a good start for any intelligent robotic systems specifically designed to entertain pets.
CAR ASSEMBLY ROBOTS
ReplyDeleteIndustrial robots:
Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot
Unimate
How do Industrial robots work:
Industrial robots work by doign tasks that people can do, only faster and safer.
Parts assembly is where industrial robots are most effective in this way. The first industrial robot, named Unimate, made its way to the General Motors assembly line in the 1960s. Unimate was designed to assist in welding large auto body parts together at an almost nonstop pace.
Many times those parts would be cumbersome and heavy to humans; when humans get tired, we can be prone to fatal errors. Unimate's 4,000 pound arm could do this task easily. It was run witha step-by-step command lest imbedded inside an attached memory center.
Benefits of using robots in car assembly:
- cuts down production costs
- reduce the load on humans as they are capable of assembling huge and bigger parts
- reduce worker injuries; repetitive stress injuries and more significant mishaps that can do major harm.
- turn out a more consistent product at a significantly cheaper cost than can humans.
- robots save on the cost of labor
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There are no sick days, strikes, work slowdowns or other problems that can crop up with humans. Robots can, in fact, work around the clock with a minimum of human supervision.
Limiations of using industrial robots:
- humans will be made redundant.
- The initial investment of robots is significant, especially when business owners are limiting their purchases to new robotic equipment. The cost of automation should be calculated in light of a business' greater financial budget. Regular maintenance needs can have a financial toll as well.
- Incorporating industrial robots does not guarantee results. Without planning, companies can have difficulty achieving their goals.
- Employees will require training in programming and interacting with the new robotic equipment. This normally takestime and financial output.
- Robots may protect workers from some hazards, but in the meantime, their very presence can create other safety problems. These new dangers must be taken into consideration.
Social ethical issues:
Some of the social/ ethical issues that arise from the use of robots in car manufacturing are:
Unemployment: People are replaced by robots in manufacturing cars hence fewer jobs would be available for humans resulting in an increase of unemployment.
Reliability: Robots only think the way they are designed, hence is a sudden emergency occurs, they are not able to respond causing havoc in the working area.
Equality of access: It is expensive for a firm/company to hire robots to work for car manufacturing; hence there are places and other companies that would not be able to afford them.
Expense: If the robots break down, they would cost a lot to repair and also there is a maintenance price used for them.
Professionals needed: To train the robots, professionals are needed for them which incurs more costs.
Claire and Vishal
ReplyDelete- Name some of the robots that have been used in situations dangerous for humans to work.
- Describe how one of the robot works
- What are some of the benefits and limitations of using such robots
- Outline some ethical decisons regarding the use of such robots.
• Space probes on foreign planets to collect specimens where the atmosphere is unsuitable for human life.
• Deep ocean research vessels.
• Inside nuclear reactors where humans cant venture due to radiation.
• Haz mat scene clean up robots.
• Bomb diffusion robots.
• Military and Police robots.
• On Earth, smart robots are being developed to venture into active volcanoes, dive deep into the oceans, search for land mines left from wars, and help police disarm terrorist bombs.
How one such robot works: In military and police Ops.
• R Bot 001 looks like a 5-foot-9-inch upright bullet or rocket moving around on four tires. Its main function is to monitor the streets for crime using its five video cameras. It has a button that citizens can press to contact the police station in times of need, and it even has the ability to deliver simple orders, like telling drunken pedestrians to go home and sober up.
• Robots used to manipulate objects like bombs or hazardous materials need a robotic arm. Robotic arms usually have several points of articulation or joints. On the end of the arm is a manipulator, usually a gripping device in the form of a two-fingered claw. Because the officer controlling the robot is at least several meters away from the robot, he needs a way to see the robot's environment independent of his own perspective. For this reason, police robots use video cameras to broadcast images back to the operator's laptop or console. Most robots use at least two or three cameras so that the operator can stay aware of the robot's surroundings. Because the majority of police robots are highly mobile and have sophisticated audio and visual systems, police have the option to use them in several situations. The most common use for a police robot is in bomb removal and disposal. While robots are expensive, the cost is small compared to that of human life. Some robots are so tough that they can survive multiple blasts. Still, most of the time the goal is to avoid any sort of explosion at all. When investigating a potential bomb, police officers use the cameras on the robot to assess the situation. If the robot is able to reach the suspicious device, the operator can use the claw to grip the device, lift it and move it to a cleared location for detonation. In cases where the device isn’t easily accessible or appears to have a triggering mechanism that will activate if the device moves, police may have to detonate the device on-site.
Limitations and benefits:
• For robots such as space probes, they are physically far away so incase anything happens and they break down, no one can reach them to repair them.
• Humans are out of harm’s way when robots are used in potentially harmful situations.
• Manufacturing and maintenance of these robots could get expensive.
• Using these robots allows research in places where it would otherwise be impossible.
Issues:
• Reliability: how reliable are the robots compared to humans, what’s the guarantee that they won’t break down or fail when they are somewhere very inaccessible?
• People and machines: how much can we trust and depend on the robots with, especially where human lives are concerned.
• Security: someone else gains control of the robot and uses it to perform unauthorized tasks.
ROBOTS USED IN WARFARE
ReplyDeleteName some of robots used in warfare (military).
• Unmanned ground vehicles (UGV)
• Robot Virus Sniper
• The Autonomous Rotorcraft Sniper System (ARSS)
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) like Drones
Describe how one of the robots that was used.
• Unarmed Aerial Vehicle (Drones)
An aircraft that is flown by a pilot or a navigator depending on the different Air Forces, however, without a human crew on board the aircraft. To distinguish UAVs from missiles, a UAV is defined as a powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload. UAVs come in two varieties: some are controlled from a remote location, and others fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans using more complex dynamic automation systems. UAVs are also used in a small but growing number of civil applications, such as firefighting or nonmilitary security work, such as surveillance of pipelines. UAVs are often preferred for missions that are too "dull, dirty, or dangerous" for manned aircraft.
What are some of the benefits and limitations of using such robots
Benefits:
• They can be used in conditions that are not favorable to humans like radioactive areas, and areas with extreme heat and cold.
• Loss of lives is reduced
• Robots don’t go through human conditions like falling sick so can be used in at any time under any condition.
Limitations:
• They are expensive to manufacture and maintain
• In case of a malfunction, they could be large consequences
• The robots can be manipulated by unauthorized users to perform unwanted acts.
Outline some of the social / ethical issues arising from their use.
• Reliability
The reliability of the systems is based on technology, the software and its maintenance. Use of poor equipment could lead to malfunctions and large consequences.
• Security / Equality of access
Since the robots are controlled remotely, the systems could be hacked and manipulated by other users. Passwords and codes have to be incorporated to avoid this unauthorized access.
• People and machines.
These robots with an advance in technology can be equipped with chips that could develop and one day turn on the humans that created them.
1).MER-A Spirit and MER-B opportunity - used to explore the Martian Surface and Geology in Mars
ReplyDelete2).These Robots have different cameras designed to do different sorts of tasks each with a different level of zoom. They could be used to examine the texture, color mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain. Some cameras can also be used to identify promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determines the processes that formed them. Basically it can be used to analyze the rock formations, textures and also the chemical components inside it.
This robot functions on solar panels and rechargeable lithium batteries that collect the energy and store it for later use. Furthermore it can use star scanners and sun scanner to know its orientation in space.
3). Going to far away planets
- Going far down into the unknown waters where humans would be crushed
- Giving us information that humans can't get
- Working at places 24/7 without any salary and food. Plus they don't get bored
- They can perform tasks faster than humans and much more consistently and accurately
- They can capture moments just too fast for the human eye to get, for example the Atlas detector in the LHC project can capture ~ 600000 frames per second while we can see at about 60
Limitations.
-People can lose jobs in factories
- It needs a supply of power
- It needs maintenance to keep it running
- It costs money to make or buy a robot
4) Social and Ethical Issues:
-Unemployment: People are replaced by robots in exploration hence fewer jobs would be available for humans resulting in an increase of unemployment.
-Reliability: Robots only think the way they are designed, hence is a sudden emergency occurs, they are not able to respond causing havoc.
- Expense: If the robots break down, they would cost a lot to repair and also there is a maintenance price used for them.
-Professionals needed: To train the robots, professionals are needed for them which incurs more costs.
Different sorts of Robotic Education are accessible all-through the world where as a rule it will resemble a display in which the understudies will be quite recently appeared with different complex Robots hypothetically or will be made to amass maybe a couple Robotics Training In Chennai.
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